b'FEATURED EXPERT100 per cent. Some items, such as reviewing mill certificates, company welding certification, weld procedures and welder qualifications are simply designated Optional or Yes.Three elements of Table P.2 warrant a more detailed consideration by the engineer:1. Underfieldinspection,thereare recommendations for visual inspections of shop-bolted and shop-welded connections. Thesevisualinspectionsarealsocalled outundershopinspection.Fabricator preferenceisalwaysforshopinspection, asthecostandtimerequiredforfield correctionsissubstantiallyhigher.Repeat visual field inspection may not be warranted and may not be effective.2. Forboltedconnections,TableP.2also recommendswitnessinginstallationfor apercentageofpretensionedandslip-critical connections, whether pretensioned (tightened) in the shop or field. A witness activity is not called for in clause 23.8 for bolting inspection procedures. Also, there is no requirement for witnessing of production weldinginCSAW59,onlyspecificitems such as qualification tests. Although bolting The importance of adequate inspection ofdoesnotrequireboltingsupervisorsand welded work must never be overlooked. qualified bolting installers, as does welding, suchprogramsshouldbeconsideredby the industry to increase confidence in the quality of bolt installations and changing the recommended witnessing to periodic routine observationofinstallationtechniquesand use of visual inspection upon completion.states The cost of this inspection and testingdetailed guidance, the engineer may want to is the responsibility of the Client. Deficiencieslook to other globally used standards, such3. Note 5 of Table P.2 suggests increasing rates in the Work of the Fabricator and/or Erectoras EN 1993-1-1:2005/A1:2014, Annex C, whichof inspection when the steel is fabricated in requiring re-inspection or re-testing shall havereplaced the system described in EN 1090- regions where the degree of compliance with costs borne by the Fabricator and/or Erector. 2:2008. Another resource addressing only riskCanadian requirements is less established. The engineer selects the Inspection Classfor various building types is the InternationalThis may be difficult to write into a project or Classes (IC1 through IC4), as addressed inBuildingCode(2018),Table1604.5Riskspecification if the engineer does not have clause P3. This should not be confused withCategory of Buildings and Other Structures.control of the source of fabrication, but a Importance Categories as used in buildingTableP.2Frequencyofthird-partyseparatetableofinspectionstasksand codes. The engineer is to select the Inspectioninspectionsprovidesrecommendedratesrates of inspection should be considered Classforthestructure,andperhapsforof inspections for numerous aspects of steelby the engineer if the fabrication is to be specific elements of the structure, based onfabrication performed in the shop, in termsperformed offshore.the required reliability, the type of structure,of percentage of welds, bolted connections, and the type of loading for which the structureheadedstudanchorsandgeneralTable P.3 Extent of NDE of welds addresses is designed. Table P.1 Inspection classesconformance in terms of workmanship. It alsospecific weld types (fillet, full penetration [CJP] provides guidance to the engineer but leavesaddresses field inspections of the same itemsgrooveorpartialpenetration[PJP]groove) questions as to areas of high-rise buildingsand adds inspection of steel decks, bracedandjointtypes(butt,Torcruciform),with (over 15 storeys), grandstands, arenas, stadiaframes, seismic braces and seismic frames.consideration for whether the welded joint is and other high-occupancy assembly buildingsTherateofinspectionvariesaccordingtopart of the seismic system, whether the weld thatarenotdeemedcritical.FormoreInspection Class, ranging from Optional toislongitudinallyortransverselyloadedorif 12|SUMMER 2020 ADVANTAGE STEEL'